Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery

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Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated in various ways, viz. "BMBS", MB BChir, BM BCh, MB BCh, MB ChB, MBBS, BM, BMed, M.B.B.S. etc.), are the two first professional degrees awarded upon graduation from medical school in medicine and surgery by universities in various countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom. The naming suggests that they are two separate degrees; however, in practice, they are usually treated as one and awarded together. Usually, students who have graduated with a "Bachelor of Medicine" degree may also practice surgery, because it is equivalent to the "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" degree.

[edit] History and nature

The degree is currently awarded in various forms in institutions in Australia, Bangladesh, Barbados, China, Egypt, Fiji, Ghana, Guyana, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Libya, Malawi, Philippines, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Zambia and Zimbabwe.^[1]
Historically, Bachelor of Medicine was also the primary medical degree conferred by institutions in the United States and Canada, such as University of Pennsylvania, Harvard, University of Toronto, University of Maryland, and Columbia. Several early North American medical schools were (for the most part) founded by physicians and surgeons who had trained in England and Scotland. University medical education in England culminated with the Bachelor of Medicine qualification, and in Scotland the Doctor of Medicine, until from the mid-19th century when the public bodies that regulated medical practice at the time required practitioners in Scotland as well as England to hold the dual Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees. Throughout the 19th century, North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the Ancient universities of Scotland and began conferring Doctor of Medicine rather than Bachelor of Medicine, the first institution to make such a switch being King's College (now Columbia University) in New York.^[2]
In the countries that award bachelors' degrees in medicine, however, Doctor of Medicine denotes a holder of a higher doctorate and is reserved for medical practitioners who undertake research and submit a thesis in the field of medicine. Nevertheless, those holding Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually referred to by the courtesy title of "Doctor" and use the prefix "Dr".
Despite their styling as two degrees, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are usually conferred together. At some institutions, such as Oxford and Cambridge, it was possible in the past to be awarded the two degrees in different years.^{[citation needed]}
In many countries, the degrees are awarded after an undergraduate course lasting five or six years. In some cases, a graduate in another discipline may subsequently enter a special graduate-entry medical course, reduced in duration to account for relevant material covered or learning skills acquired during the first degree. In some cases the old first year courses (for six year degrees) in the basic sciences of physics, chemistry and biology have been abolished, and that standard has to be reached by means of school examinations before entry. However, in most countries a newly-graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery must spend a specified period in internship before they can obtain full qualification as a medical practitioner.

[edit] Naming

[edit] Australia

Most Australian medical schools confer MBBS degrees. However, The University of Newcastle confers BMed. This degree is equivalent to MB BS and any BMed graduate may practice in any field of Medicine of their own choice including surgery. In Australia, Doctor of Medicine (MD) is an advanced research degree requiring two years' full time enrolment, compared to a PhD which requires three years' full time enrollment. The University of Melbourne will soon award "MD" to their MB BS equivalent graduates as will several others including The University of Western Australia located in Perth.^[3]

[edit] Bangladesh

All medical schools in Bangladesh award MBBS.

[edit] Egypt

All Egyptian medical schools, public and private, award an MB BCh as the basic medical degree after completion of 6 academic years. Contrary to the US and Canada, an MD is awarded as an advanced research degree, comparable to PhD.

[edit] England and Northern Ireland

Various abbreviations are used for these degrees in these areas:

MB ChB are used at the universities of Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Keele, Manchester, Sheffield, and Warwick.
"MB, BCh, BAO" are used at the Queen's University, Belfast.
MB BS are used at the University of East Anglia, Hull York Medical School, Imperial College London, the University of London (consisting of the UCL Medical School, St. George's, University of London, King's College London Medical School, and Barts and the London Medical School), and Newcastle University.
BM BCh are used at the University of Oxford.
BM BS are used at the University of Nottingham, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, and Brighton and Sussex Medical School
BM is awarded at the University of Southampton. Although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Southampton, this degree is equivalent to the MB ChB, and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery.
MB BChir are awarded by the University of Cambridge.

At the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the preclinical course leads to an additional Bachelor of Arts (BA), degree (upgradable after three or four years to Master of Arts), after which most students used to go elsewhere (but usually to one of the London teaching hospitals) to complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university: they used to have the options of returning to their old university to take the clinical examinations, or taking one of the old non-university qualifying examinations.
The English Triple Conjoint Diploma diplomas: LRCP, LRCS, LMSSA were non-university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of London, Royal College of Surgeons of England and Society of Apothecaries through the United Examining Board from 1994 until 1999, when the General Medical Council withdrew permission. Prior to 1994, the English Conjoint diploma of LRCP, MRCS was awarded for 110 years, and the LMSSA was a distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification. These diplomas slowly became less popular among British medical students, but as recently as 1938 only a half of them qualified with university degrees.^[4] The diplomas came to be taken mostly by those who had already qualified in medicine overseas.

[edit] Guyana

The University of Guyana awards MB BS. Other "offshore" United-States-linked schools in the country award the North American MD, but these are not recognized in Guyana itself. Recently, the University of Guyana acquired accreditation by CAAM-HP, establishing itself as a credible institute and teaching standards in comparison with University of West Indies.

[edit] Hong Kong

The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong has continued to follow the British tradition despite the handover of the territory's sovereignty from the hands of the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China on 30 June 1997. The dual degree is awarded as:

MB BS at University of Hong Kong; and
MB ChB at Chinese University of Hong Kong.

[edit] India

Medical colleges, accredited by the Medical Council of India, award MBBS ("Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery"). Qualifications in medicine and surgery, LMS or LMP, were also formerly awarded after a shorter course, originally at a "medical school" rather than a "medical college". In addition, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bombay formerly awarded a licentiate at LMS level, a membership (MCPS) at MBBS level and a fellowship (FCPS) at MD level. The State Medical Faculty of West Bengal (previously of Bengal) similarly gave licentiates and memberships on an external basis.
In India to obtain admission in a MBBS course, the basic criteria is that a candidate should have scored more than 50% marks in physics, chemistry and biology aggregate in their 10+2 grade. In addition to that the candidate should have appeared for the PMT exams conducted by the government.

[edit] Indonesia

There are many medical schools in Indonesia, the 5 stars like Gadjah Mada University, University of Indonesia, Airlangga University, Diponegoro University/ Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, and Padjadjaran University offer their best Medical Education. The Indonesian Bachelor of Medicine completed in 3.5 up to 4 semesters, then they awarded S.Ked (Sarjana Kedokteran/Bachelor of Med) degree. Then they may work as scientist or continuing their medical doctor program to reach MD degree. The curricula can be PBL Curriculum or Hybrid Curriculum. Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University offers the Hybrid Curriculum, where the students get either PBL and Lecture, also laboratory work to complete their study.

[edit] Iraq

All medical schools in Iraq award MB ChB.

[edit] Ireland

The University of Limerick awards BM BS. The other medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland—namely Queen's University Belfast, University of Dublin (Trinity College), some constituent institutions of the National University of Ireland (University College Dublin, University College Cork and National University of Ireland, Galway), and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland—award the degrees of MB BCh BAO. The letters BAO stand for Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia (Bachelor of Obstetrics), a degree unique to Ireland which the Irish universities added in the 19th century as the legislation at the time insisted on a final examination in obstetrics. This third degree is an anachronism which is not registerable with the Irish Medical Council nor the British General Medical Council (GMC).
LRCPI LRCSI, or simply LRCP&SI, denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifying licenciates awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland to students of the RCSI's medical school under the Irish Conjoint Scheme. Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England (which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registerable with the Irish Medical Council, but not with the British GMC. Students at RCSI still receive these licenciates but now also receive the degrees MB BCh BAO, due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of the National University of Ireland. The RCSI students also received a Licence in Midwifery (LM) from each college, in the same way that the Irish universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications were sometimes expressed as L & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSI or more misleadingly as LLM, RCP&SI.
LAH formerly denoted a licentiate of the now-defunct Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin, and is no longer awarded.

[edit] Jordan

The Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree is awarded in Jordan after completion of six years comprising three years of medical sciences and three clinical years. Currently, four state supported universities grant the degree which are:

[edit] Kenya

The national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namely the University of Nairobi, Kenyatta University and Moi University, award MB ChB.

[edit] Libya

There are two major medical universities in Libya, Al Fateh University (Tripoli) and Garyounis University (Benghazi). Both schools award MBBCh. There is also a credited private university called Libyan International Medical University.

[edit] Malaysia

The University of Malaya, Universiti Teknologi MARA and Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin award MBBS. Other public universities such as Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sabah and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, however, follow the North-American postgraduate-entry model and style their degrees as Doctor of Medicine. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman will be offering MBBS in 2010 at its Sungai Long Campus. Private Universities: Allianze College of Medical Sciences(ACMS), International Medical University.Monash University,Mahsa University College,Newcastle University Malaysia Campus,St. George,Manipal-Melaka,Penang Medical College.

[edit] Montserrat

The University of Science, Arts and Technology awards MB BS.

[edit] Myanmar

All five medical schools (UM1, UM 2, DSMA, UMDY, UMG) in Myanmar award MB BS.

[edit] Nepal

All 12 medical schools in Nepal award MB BS.
The Following is a short list of Medical Colleges in Nepal:
Nepalgunj Medical College (NGMC)
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Science
Kathmandu Medical College
Kathmandu University, College of Medical Sciences
Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS)
Nepal Medical College
Tribhuvan University, Institute of Medicines

[edit] New Zealand

The two New Zealand medical schools, Auckland and Otago, style their degrees as MB ChB.

[edit] Pakistan

All sixty-six medical colleges and schools in Pakistan award MBBS.^[5]

[edit] People's Republic of China

[edit] Saudi Arabia

Medical schools in Saudi Arabia award MB BS.

[edit] Scotland

All medical schools in Scotland (Aberdeen, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee) award MB ChB.
The University of St Andrews's Bute Medical School awarded MB ChB until the early 1970s, but since the incorporation of its clinical medical school into the University of Dundee, St Andrews now only awards a pre-clinical BSc or BSc (Hons), and students go elsewhere to finish their clinical training, usually to the University of Manchester where they are awarded an MB ChB after a further three years' study.
The Scottish Triple Conjoint Diploma of LRCPE, LRCSE, LRCPSG (earlier LRCPE, LRCSE, LRFPSG) is an old non-university qualifying examination in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, previously through a Conjoint Board and from 1994 through the United Examining Board. These qualifications are still registrable with the GMC^{[citation needed]}, but permission to award them was withdrawn by the Privy Council of the UK in 1999.

[edit] South Africa

The University of Pretoria, University of Cape Town, University of the Free State, University of Stellenbosch, University of KwaZulu-Natal and MEDUNSA all award MB ChB, whereas the University of the Witwatersrand styles its degree as MB BCh. See Medical education in South Africa.

[edit] Singapore

The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore confers MB BS. The American Duke University also has a medical programme based in Singapore, but it follows the North-American model of styling its degree Doctor of Medicine.^[7]

[edit] Sri Lanka

The University of Colombo, University of Peradeniya, University of Kelaniya (Ragama), University of Ruhuna, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Rajarata University, University of Jaffna and Eastern University of Sri Lanka all award MB BS.

[edit] Sudan

All Sudanese medical schools award MB BS.

[edit] United States

[edit] Wisconsin

Use of the M. D. Title: The Wisconsin Medical Society defends the use of the M.D. title by physicians who graduated with an M.B.B.S. and are licensed to practice medicine in Wisconsin.^[8]

[edit] Uganda

The four universities in Uganda that have medical schools, namely Makerere University, Mbarara University, Gulu University and Kampala International University, all award the MBChB degree.

[edit] Wales

Both universities in Wales that have medical schools, namely Cardiff University and Swansea University, award MB BCh.

[edit] West Indies

All constituent countries of the University of the West Indies (UWI) confer MB BS, due to the historical affiliation of UWI to the University of London. There are other medical schools in the West Indies, but these follow the North-American system leading to MD.

[edit] Classification

Medical degrees differ from other undergraduate degrees in that they are professional qualifications which lead holders to enter a particular career upon receipt. This is not the case with most other undergraduate degrees, so whilst the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are undergraduate or graduate degrees (depending on the institution), they are perhaps more accurately conceptualised as a so-called first professional degree. Other professions whose qualifications follow a similar pattern include:

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually awarded as general/ordinary degrees, not as honours degrees, and as such the graduate is not classified as for honours degrees in other subjects. However, at many institutions (for example the University of Liverpool, University of Leicester and University of Manchester in England and the University of Dundee in Scotland) it is possible for the degrees to be awarded with Honours (i.e. MB ChB (Hons)) or with Commendation, if the board of examiners recognises exceptional performance throughout the degree course. Very few of these are awarded.
More often, it is possible to study one subject for an extra year for an intercalated honours degree. This is usually a Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Medical Science (BMedSci), Bachelor of Medical Biology (BMedBiol) or similar: at Oxford and Cambridge in England and Dublin in Ireland Bachelor of Arts degrees are awarded. At a few universities most medical students obtain an ordinary degree in science as well: when the University of Edinburgh had a six year course, the third year was followed by award of an ordinary BSc(MedSci). In Australia, The University of Melbourne in Australia offers an Arts Degree (BA) to a medical student on the completion of two extra years of undergraduate study, and Monash University offers a Law degree (LLB); if the optional Law degree is undertaken, on completion of their degree the student may choose to do a one-year internship at a hospital and become a doctor, or spend one year doing articles to practise thereafter as a lawyer. At the University of Nottingham in England all medical students on the five year course obtain a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree without an extra intercalated year. The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland along with certain National University of Ireland medical schools offers a BMedSci qualification on completion of a thesis based on 2–3 months of summer research; only students achieving honours in their preclinical courses are eligible to receive the degree. At Imperial College London and University College London, certain medical students are able to extend their intercalated year to an extra three years, thus temporarily exiting the MBBS course to complete a PhD. Upon completion of the PhD, the student is required to sit the remaining 2 years of the medicine course in order to receive his/her MBBS degeee. The University of the West Indies, Mona in Kingston, Jamaica automatically awards a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree to all students who have successfully completed year 3 of their MB BS programme.^[10]

[edit] Progression

Medical school graduates are only entitled to use the courtesy title "Doctor" upon registration as a medical practitioner with the relevant regulatory body in their respective country.
Medical graduates are also eligible to sit various postgraduate examinations, including examinations for membership and fellowship of professional institutions (such as Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons), postgraduate Masters degrees (such as a Master of Surgery or Master of Obstetrics) and a postgraduate doctorate in medicine (e.g. Doctor of Medicine, if earned in Ireland, the UK or Commonwealth nations), and board certification examinations.

Friday, January 28, 2011

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